科研文獻

有關正念/觀照/覺性(Mindfulness)及太極拳(Taiji quan)的科研文獻：

• 請自行在scholar.google.com中搜尋以下文章，大部份可下載觀看，pdf格式，小部份因版權問題需自行購買或可以在各大學圖書館中免費閱讀。以下的文章是筆者於香港大學申請博士研究時仔細閱讀過及推薦的，其他或更新的可自行在scholar.google.com搜尋Mindfulness/Taiji quan。

• 最近20年科學界(心理學)對Mindfulness極有興趣，湧現有上千份關於Mindfulness的科研文獻，主要因為科學家發現Mindfulness相關的心理治療方法療效十分顯著，甚至對很多現今主流心理治療方法沒有療效的病人都有良好的效果，詳情可參閱以下科研文獻。

推薦的中文科研文獻：

• 如何促進佛法與心理學的對話 — 正念療癒為核心的考察與省思

• 基於心理學視域的冥想研究   (內附很多以最新科技測量正念的科研報告回顧)

• 正念減壓療法在護士職業倦怠干預中的應用   (內附很多最新的正念科研報告回顧)

• 止觀, 無住-[禪修正念團體] 對實習諮商心理師自我關注與諮商實務影響之初探研究

• 太極拳與健康促進

推薦的英文科研文獻：

Mindfulness Applications:

國外通過大量科研實驗證實有良好效果的Mindfulness相關應用：

• Mindfulness-based stress reduction

• Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

• Dialectical behavior therapy

• Acceptance and commitment therapy

• 推薦參考網頁(英文)：GET.gg Therapy Resources、DBT Self Help

Mindfulness neroscience:

以一些最新的生理測量科技如腦電圖(EEG, Electroencephalography)、功能性磁振造影（fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging）等儀器去測量正念/觀照/覺性的效果，比較有修習及沒有修習正念/觀照/覺性、或修習前後的人的大腦電波及大腦掃描圖像等的不同，藉此研究其運作機制：

• • Attending to the present - mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference

  • Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness

  • Mindfulness training and neural integration - differentiation of distinct streams of awareness and the cultivation of well-being

  • Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention

  • Psychobiology of mindfulness

  • The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation

  • Typologies of attentional networks

Mindfulness psychometric scale:

以一些心理測量表去量度有修習及沒有修習正念/觀照/覺性、或修習前後的人的正念/觀照/覺性的高低，藉此研究其運作機制：

• • 2001 Measuring Mindfulness in Insight Meditation

  • Assessment of mindfulness by self-report

  • Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples

  • Initial psychometric properties of the Experiences Questionnaire - Validation of a self-report measure of decentering

  • Measuring mindfulness - the freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI)

  • Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).doc

  • The benefits of being present - Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being

  • The Toronto mindfulness scale - Development and validation

  • Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness

Mindfulness + Taiji / Tai Chi:

關於太極拳及結合Mindfulness之應用：

• • A Comprehensive Review of Health Benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi

  • Comprehensive therapeutic benefits of Taiji - a critical review

  • Developing Mindfulness in College Students Through Movement-Based Courses - Effects on Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy, Mood, Stress, and Sleep Quality

  • Tai Chi and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in a Boston Public Middle School

  • The effects of Tai Chi Chuan relaxation and exercise on stress responses and well-being - An overview of research

Mindfulness reviews:

主要是關於正念/觀照/覺性的一些最新的科研回顧及評論：

• • Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals - A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

• Mindful emotion regulation - An integrative review

  • Mindfulness Research Update - 2008

• Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention - A conceptual and empirical review

  • Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents - A preliminary review of current research in an emergent field

  • Mindfulness-based psychotherapies - a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations

  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits - A meta-analysis

Mindfulness definitions, constructs and mechanisms:

以科學方法探討正念/觀照/覺性的定義、構成元素及運作機制：

• • A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being

  • Addressing fundamental questions about mindfulness

  • An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program

  • Beyond Me - Mindful Responses to Social Threat

  • Buddhism Western Psychology - Fundamentals of Integration

  • Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy

  • Cultivating mindfulness - effects on well‐being

  • Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation - Overlapping constructs or not

  • Mechanisms of mindfulness

  • Mindfulness - A proposed Operational Definition

• Mindfulness - Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects

  • Mindfulness Training and Problem Formulation

• Mindfulness‐Based Interventions in Context - Past, Present, and Future

  • Operationalizing mindfulness without unnecessary attachments

  • Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness - Observations from experience

  • Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation

  • Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program

  • The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression

  • The Role of Mindfulness in Positive Reappraisal

More references:

• • Adler, M. & Ziglio. E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi Method and its application to social policy and public health. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 

  • Allen, N. B., Blashki, G., Chambers, R., Ciechomski, L., Gullone, E., Hassed, C., et al. (2006). Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: A review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(4), 285−294.

  • Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 97–106.

  • Bach, P. & Hayes, S. C. (2002). The use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1129-1139.

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125−143.

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindful-ness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., &Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27−45.

  • Bishop, S. R. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 71−84.

  • Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Lau, M., Anderson, N. C., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S. L., et al. (2003). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation. Manuscript under review.

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science Practice, 11, 230−241.

  • Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Stiglmayr, C., Pohl, U., Bohme, R., & Linehan, M. (2000). Evaluation of inpatient dialectical-behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 875-887.

  • Bohus M, Haaf B, Simms T, Limberger M, Schmahl C, et al. 2004. Effectiveness of inpatient dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: a controlled trial. Behav. Res. Ther. 42:487–99

  • Bond, F. W. & Bunce, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 156-163.

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822−848.

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 242−248.

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211−237.

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Creswell, J. D., & Niemiec, C. P. (2008). Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat. In H. A. Wayment, & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 75−84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11-34.

  • Caldwell K., Harrison M., Adams M., Quin R.H., Greeson J (2010). Developing Mindfulness in College Students Through Movement-Based Courses: Effects on Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy, Mood, Stress, and Sleep Quality. Journal of American College Health, VOL. 58, NO. 5.

  • Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15, 204-233. 

  • Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Mead, S., Lilley, B., & Dagnan, D. (2005). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Mindfulness  Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Chambers, R. H., Lo, B. C. Y., & Allen, N. A. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 303−322.

  • Chambers R., Gullone E., & Allen N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560–572.

  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319.

  • Cordova, J. V., & Jacobson, N. S. (1993). Couple Distress. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders (pp. 481−512)., 2nd ed.  New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Cresswell,  J.  D.,  Baldwin,  M. W.,  Eisenberger,  N.  I.  and Lieberman,  M.  D.  (2007).  Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 560–565.

  • Dalkey, N. C. & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi Method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458 - 468.

  • Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H. (2000). Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 126(6), 890−909.

  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., et al. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564−570.

  • Delbecq A.L., Van  de  Ven A.H., Gustafson D.H.,  Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes, Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois, 1975.

  • DeVellis R. F. (2003). Scale Development Second Edition. Applied Social Rsearch Methods Series Volume 26. Sage Publications.

  • Dimidjian, S., & Linehan, M. M. (2003). Defining an agenda for future research on the clinical application of mindfulness practice. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 166−171.

  • Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 716−721.

  • Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., Greeson, J. M., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2004). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment.

  • Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., Kamholz, B. W., Greeson, J. M., & Laurenceau, J. (2005, November). Assessing mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation: The Revised Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R). Paper presented at the 39th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Washington, DC.

  • Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., &Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177−190.

  • Follette, V., Palm, K. M., & Pearson, A. N. (2006). Mindfulness and trauma: Implications for treatment. Journal of Rational Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 24, 45–61.

  • Fresco,  D.,  Segal,  Z.,  Buis,  T.,  &  Kennedy,  S.  (2007).  Relationship  of  posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 447–455.

  • Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2006). Acute treatment of inpatients with psychotic symptoms using acceptance and commitment therapy: Pilot results. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 415−437.

  • Gifford, E., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall,  M.  L.,  et  al.  (2004). Acceptance-based  treatment  for  smoking  cessation. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 689−705.

  • Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10, 83–91.

  • Goldstein, J. (2002). One dharma: The emerging Western Buddhism. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.

  • Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37, 25–35.

  • Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405–408.

  • Grossman,  P.,  Niemann,  L.,  Schmidt,  S.,  &  Walach,  H.  (2004).  Mindfulness-based  stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.

  • Hanh, T.N. (1976). Miracle of mindfulness. Boston: Beacon.

  • Hayes, S. C. (1994). Context, contents and the type of psychological acceptance. In S. C. Hayes, N. Jacobson, V. Follette & M. Dougher (Eds.), Acceptance and change: Content and context in psychotherapy Reno, Nevada: Context Press.

  • Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1994). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance. The Behavior Analyst, 17, 289−303.

  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. W., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152−1168.

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Hayes, S. C. (2003). Mindfulness: method and process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 161−165.

  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 639−665.

  • Hayes, S. C., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255−262.

  • Hayes, S. C., & Shenk, C. (2004). Operationalizing mindfulness without unnecessary attachments. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 249−254.

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic  review.  Journal  of Consulting and  Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183.

  • Hough, L. M., & Schneider, R. J. (1995). Personality traits, taxonomies, and applications in orgainzations. In K. R. Murhpy (Ed.), Individuals and behavior in organizations (pp. 31-88). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Ivanovski, B., & Malhi, G. (2007). The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19(2), 76−91.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considera-tions and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33−47.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Delacorte.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 10, 144−156.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8(2), 163−190.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., et al. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7), 936−943.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M., Cropley, T. G., et al. (1998). Influence of a mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 625−632.

  • Kaplan, K. H., Goldenberg, D. L., & Galvin-Nadeau, M. (1993). The impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fi bromyalgia. General Hospital Psychiatry, 15(5), 284−289.

  • Kingston, T., Dooley, B., Bates, A., Lawlor, E., & Malone, K. (2007). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 80, 193−203.

  • Koons, C. R., Robins, C. J., Tweed, J. L., Lynch, T. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Morse, J. Q., et al. (2001). Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in women veterans with borderline personality disorder.

  • Behavior Therapy, 32, 371–390.

  • Krasner,  M.  (2004). Mindfulness-based interventions:  A  coming of  age? Families, Systems, and Health, 22, 207−212.

  • Krishnamurti, J. (1964). Think on these things. New York: Harper & Row.

  • Kristeller, J. L., & Hallett, B. (1999). Effects of a meditation-based intervention in the treatment of binge eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 357−363.

  • Kumar, S. M., Feldman, G. C., & Hayes, A. M. (2008). Changes in mindfulness  and  emotion  regulation  in  an  exposure-based cognitive  therapy  for  depression.  Cognitive  Therapy  and  Research, 32, 734–744.

  • Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., et al. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 966−978.

  • Lazar, S. W. (2005). Mindfulness research. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel & P.R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy New York: The Guildford Press.

  • Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., et al. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893−1897.

  • Linehan, M. M., Armstrong, H. E., Suarez, A., Allmon, D., & Heard, H. L. (1991). A Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1060-1064.

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder.New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Linehan, M. M. (1994). Acceptance and change: The central dialectic in psychotherapy. In S. C. Hayes, N. S. Jacobson, V. M. Follette & M.J. Dougher (Eds.), Acceptance and change: Content and context in psychotherapy (pp. 73−86). Reno, NV: Context Press.

  • Linehan,  M.  M.,  Schmidt,  H.,  Dimeff,  L.  A.,  Craft,  J.  C.,  Kanter, J., & Comtois, K. A. (1999). Dialectical behavior therapy  for  patients  with  borderline  personality  disorder  and drug-dependence.  American  Journal  of  Addiction,  8,  279–292.

  • Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 31−40.

  • Massion, A. O., Teas, J., Hebert, J., Wertheimer, M., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Meditation, melatonin and breast/prostate cancer: Hypothesis and preliminary data 1. Medical Hypotheses, 44(1), 39−46.

  • Murphy,  R.  (1995).  The  effects  of  mindfulness  meditation vs.  progressive  relaxation training on stress egocentrism anger and impulsiveness among inmates. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 55(8), 3596−3604.

  • Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., Sharma, S.  (2003).  Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications.  London: Sage Publications. 

  • Nydahl, O. (2008). The way things are. UK: O Books.

  • Okoli C., & Pawlowski S. D. (2004).The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management 42 (2004) 15–29.

  • Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy, vol. 36. (pp. ). New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

  • Olendzki, A. (2005). The roots of mindfulness. In Germer, C. K., Siegel, R. D., & Fulton, P. R. (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 241–261). New York: Guilford.

  • Paul, R. H., Marx, B. P., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). Acceptance-based psychotherapy in the treatment of an adjudicated exhibitionist: A case example. Behavior Therapy, 30, 149−162.

  • Robert B. Wall, M. (2005) Tai Chi and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in a Boston Public Middle School. J Pediatr Health Care. (2005). 19, 230-237.

  • Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualisation of and treatment for  generalized  anxiety disorder:  Integrating  mindfulness/acceptance-based

  • approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 54−68.

  • Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2003). Mindfulness: A promising intervention strategy in need of further study. Clinical Psychology, 10(2), 172−178.

  • Rowe, G. & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15(4), 353 - 375. 

  • Rychlak, J. F. (1997). In defense of human consciousness. Washington, DC: APA.

  • Safer, D. L., Telch, C. F., & Agras, W. S. (2001a). Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for bulimia: A case report. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30, 101-106.

  • Safran, J.D., & Segal, Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Basic Books.

  • Schmidt R.C., Managing Delphi surveys using nonparametric statistical  techniques,  Decision  Sciences  28  (3),  1997,  pp. 763–774.

  • Schneider, R. J., Hough, L. M., & Dunnette, M. D. (1996). Broadsided by  broad  traits: How  to  sink  science  in  five  dimensions  or  less. Journal of Organization Behavior, 17, 639-655.

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: The Guildford Press.

  • Skinner, B. F.  (1953).  Science and Human Behavior.  New York: Free Press. 

  • Shapiro, S., Schwartz, G., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 581–599.

  • Shapiro, S.L. (2001). Poetry, mindfulness, and medicine. Family Medicine, 33, 505–506. Shapiro, S.L., Astin, J.A., Bishop, S.R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. Journal of Stress Management, 12, 164–176.

  • Shapiro, S.L., Carlson, L.E., Astin, J.A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.

  • Shapiro, S.L., Brown, K., & Biegel, G. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1, 105–115.

  • Skulmoski G. J., Hartman F. T., Krahn J. (2007) The Delphi Method for Graduate Research. Journal of Information Technology Education, Volume 6.

  • Smith, G. T., & McCarthy, D. M. (1995). Methodological considerations in the refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 300-308.

  • Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., & Fister, S. M. (2003). Incremental validity prin-ciples in test construction. Psychological Assessment, 15, 467-477.

  • Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., Cyders, M. A., Annus, A. M., Spillane, N. S., & McCarthy, D. M. (2007). On the validity and utility of discriminating among impulsivity-like traits. Assessment, 14, 155-170.

  • Speca, M., Carlson, L. E., Goodey, E., & Angen, M. (2000). A randomized, waitlist controlled clinical trail: The effect of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 613−622.

  • Stewart, T. M. (2004). Light on body image treatment: Acceptance through mindfulness. Behavior Modification, 28(6), 783−811.

  • Tacon, A. M., Caldera, Y. M., & Ronaghan, C. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in women with breast cancer. Family Systems and Health, 22, 193−203.

  • Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., et al. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(43), 17152−17156.

  • Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Metacognition, mindfulness and the modification of mood disorders.Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy, 6, 146−155.

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behavioral Research Therapy, 33(1), 25−39.

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. (2003). Mindfulness training and problem formulation. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 10, 157−160.

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615−623.

  • Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., & Linehan, M. M. (2000). Group dialectical behavior therapy for  binge-eating  disorder:  A  preliminary,  uncontrolled  trial. Behavior  Therapy,  31, 569−582.

  • Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., & Linehan, M. M. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1061-1065.

  • Thera, N. (1962). The heart of Buddhist meditation. New York: Weiser.

  • Thompson, M., & Gauntlett-Gilbert, J. (2008). Mindfulness with children and adolescents: Effective clinical application. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(3), 395−407.

  • Turner, R. M. (2000). Naturalistic evaluation of dialectical behavior therapy-oriented treatment for borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 413-419.

  • Walach,  H.,  Buchheld,  N.,  Buttenmu¨ller,  V.,  Kleinknecht,  N.,  &  Schmidt,  S.  (2006). Measuring  mindfulness—The  Freiburg  mindfulness  inventory  (FMI).  Personality  and Individual Differences, 40, 1543–1555.

  • Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 

  • Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., et al. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 737−746.